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topgrade通过检测和运行相应的包管理器，将Linux系统上所有已安装的软件包升级到最新的可用版本，本文介绍在Linux操作系统中安装和使用topgrade的方法，以Ubuntu 18.04版本为例。
背景 作为Linux管理员，你必须使系统保持最新状态，以避免出现意外问题。作为最佳实践的一部分，我们必须使用最新的补丁以保护系统，为此你需要在一个月内至少执行一次修补操作，大多数情况下，你必须在修补以激活最新Linux内核后重新启动服务器。 如果你有一个系统，那么我们可以直接登录系统并执行不太重要的修补。即便如此，如果你的服务器具有相同的风格，那么你可以在shell脚本的帮助下执行修补。如果有大量服务器，那么我建议你使用任何并行实用程序，这将有助于我们并行执行修补，与shell脚本相比，它将节省大量时间，因为这与顺序顺序一致。此外分发包管理器不会升级与其他包管理器（如pip、npm、snap等）一起安装的包，topgrade实用程序可以满足你的要求。
下载链接
安装topgrade的方法 Arch Linux用户可以使用AUR包，MacOS用户可以通过Homebrew安装topgrade，其他Linux用户使用二进制文件包编译。 安装在基于Arch的系统上： $ yay -S topgrade 如果安装了cargo package manager，使用以下命令进行安装： $ cargo install topgrade
使用方法 运行topgrade，它将运行以下步骤： 如果有任何更新可用于topgrade，请尝试自我升级。 Arch：运行yay或者回到pacman CentOS/RHEL：运行yum升级 Fedora：运行dnf升级 Debian/Ubuntu：运行apt update && apt dist-upgrade openSUSE：运行zypper refresh && zypper dist-upgrade 升级Vim/Neovim套餐。 如果安装了NPM，请运行npm update -g 升级Atom包 Linux：更新Flatpak软件包（参考：在Linux系统上安装并使用Flatpak的方法） Linux：更新snap包（参考：在Ubuntu 18.04/Debian上安装和使用Snap的方法） Linux：运行fwupdmgr以显示固件升级。 最后，它将运行needrestart以反弹所有服务。
现在，我们已成功安装了topgrade，因此，单独运行topgrade以升级系统上的所有内容，在Ubuntu 18.04 LTS上测试该实用程序，结果如下： $ topgrade ―― System update ――――――――――――――――― [sudo] password for daygeek: Hit:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB] Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [74.6 kB] . Get:16 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [45.2 kB] Get:17 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/multiverse amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [2,460 B] Fetched 1,565 kB in 13s (117 kB/s) Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done 119 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: libopts25 linux-headers-4.15.0-45 linux-headers-4.15.0-45-generic linux-image-4.15.0-45-generic linux-modules-4.15.0-29-generic linux-modules-4.15.0-45-generic linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-45-generic sntp Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them. The following packages will be upgraded: apport apport-gtk apt apt-utils cups cups-bsd cups-client cups-common cups-core-drivers cups-daemon cups-ipp-utils cups-ppdc cups-server-common distro-info-data fwupdate fwupdate-signed gir1.2-dbusmenu-glib-0.4 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-packagekitglib-1.0 gir1.2-snapd-1 gnome-settings-daemon gnome-settings-daemon-schemas grub-common grub-pc python3-httplib2 python3-problem-report samba-libs systemd systemd-sysv ubuntu-drivers-common udev ufw unattended-upgrades xdg-desktop-portal xdg-desktop-portal-gtk 119 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 38.5 MB of archives. After this operation, 475 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] . . Setting up grub-pc (2.02-2ubuntu8.13) ... Installing for i386-pc platform. Installation finished. No error reported. Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Generating grub configuration file ... Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin done Setting up mesa-vdpau-drivers:amd64 (18.2.8-0ubuntu0~18.04.2) ... Updating PPD files for cups ... Setting up apport-gtk (2.20.9-0ubuntu7.6) ... Setting up pulseaudio-module-bluetooth (1:11.1-1ubuntu7.2) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ... Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.130ubuntu3.7) ... update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-47-generic 一旦分发官方软件包更新完成，它将运行自我更新： ―― rustup ――――――――――――――――― info: checking for self-updates info: syncing channel updates for 'stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu' info: checking for self-updates stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu unchanged - rustc 1.33.0 (2aa4c46cf 2019-02-28) 然后，它将尝试更新与其他包管理器一起安装的包： ―― Flatpak User Packages ――――――――――――――――― Looking for updates... Looking for updates... Updating in system: org.gnome.Platform/x86_64/3.30 flathub 862e6b8ec2b5 org.gnome.Platform.Locale/x86_64/3.30 flathub 5e66e981ae00 org.freedesktop.Platform.html5-codecs/x86_64/18.08 flathub 282fd2c4ef33 com.github.muriloventuroso.easyssh/x86_64/stable flathub c6bc3a3e72fb new permissions: ssh-auth com.github.muriloventuroso.easyssh.Locale/x86_64/stable flathub b705864b8d78 Updating: org.gnome.Platform/x86_64/3.30 from flathub [####################] 16 delta parts, 10 loose fetched; 65539 KiB transferred in 63 seconds Error: Failed to update org.gnome.Platform/x86_64/3.30: Flatpak system operation Deploy not allowed for user Skipping org.gnome.Platform.Locale/x86_64/3.30 due to previous error Skipping org.freedesktop.Platform.html5-codecs/x86_64/18.08 due to previous error Updating: com.github.muriloventuroso.easyssh/x86_64/stable from flathub [####################] 2 delta parts, 3 loose fetched; 1532 KiB transferred in 5 seconds Error: Failed to update com.github.muriloventuroso.easyssh/x86_64/stable: Flatpak system operation Deploy not allowed for user Skipping com.github.muriloventuroso.easyssh.Locale/x86_64/stable due to previous error error: There were one or more errors Retry? [y/N] 然后它将运行firmwre升级： ―― Firmware upgrades ――――――――――――――――― Fetching metadata https://cdn.fwupd.org/downloads/firmware.xml.gz Downloading… [***************************************] Fetching signature https://cdn.fwupd.org/downloads/firmware.xml.gz.asc 最后，它显示了有关修补的信息： ―― Summary ――――――――――――――――― System update: OK rustup: OK Flatpak User Packages: FAILED Firmware upgrade: OK 至此，使用topgrade达到了目的。
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